A year after Operation Sindoor, the top brass of the military will meet to assess the impact of emerging technologies across multiple domains of warfare and chart a roadmap to address new-age threats.Chief of Defence Staff Gen Anil Chauhan, Navy Chief Admiral DK Tripathi and Army Chief Gen Upendra Dwivedi will outline the evolving contours of warfare at the two-day (April 9-10) brainstorming session, ‘Ran Samwad’.The armed forces describe this shift as ‘multi-domain operations’ (MDO). The outcome of ‘Ran Samwad’ is expected to serve as a comprehensive guiding framework to enhance operational preparedness for both conventional and irregular threats. The military is currently undertaking doctrinal adaptations in training and reimagining operations to ensure effective command and control in an increasingly complex battlespace.At the previous edition of ‘Ran Samwad’ in August last year, a doctrine on multi-domain operations was released, noting that the character of war is changing: adversaries can now launch coordinated actions across multiple fronts simultaneously, often below the traditional threshold of armed conflict.This year’s discussions will focus on building a roadmap to prepare India’s defence forces for multi-domain conflict spanning land, air, sea, cyber, space and cognitive domains. Sessions will examine the evolution of MDO and global trends, including lessons from recent conflicts, to understand how modern battlefields are being reshaped.As technology evolves rapidly, warfare is expanding beyond traditional domains. While land, air and sea remain core arenas, cyber, space and cognitive domains have emerged as critical new frontiers.The armed forces define MDO as the coordinated, integrated and synchronised employment of military forces alongside non-military national capabilities.The latest edition of ‘Ran Samwad’ marks a continued and structured dialogue on this evolving nature of warfare.Future conflicts will increasingly depend on space-based assets such as satellites for communication, navigation and surveillance, even as they remain vulnerable to kinetic and non-kinetic threats. The cyber domain has become equally critical, underpinning networked operations, secure communications and data management, while remaining exposed to cyberattacks and espionage. The growing influence of social media and digital information platforms adds a cognitive dimension to modern conflict.